Paul’s Ministry

The apostle Paul must have been an egomaniac, right? Consider these points:

  • In his gospel, the apostle John never refers to himself by name and only once by the personal pronoun “I.” Paul, in his letters, refers to himself by name about 30 times and by personal pronouns a few hundred times.

  • Paul’s conversion on the road to Damascus is told in detail three times in Scripture (Acts 9:1-18; Acts 22:6-16; Acts 26:12-18).

  • Three times, Paul refers to his message as “my gospel” (Romans 2:16; Romans 16:25; 2 Timothy 2:8).

  • Three times, Paul refers to his message as “our gospel” (2 Corinthians 4:3; 1 Thessalonians 1:5; 2 Thessalonians 2:14). The three letters in which this phrase appears are signed by Paul and Timothy and, in the case of the Thessalonians letters, Silas.

  • In two places (1 Corinthians 15:1 and Galatians 2:2), Paul refers to “the gospel which I preach(ed). And once to “the gospel which was preached by me” in Galatians 1:11.

  • Extensively (Ephesians 3:1-12; Colossians 1:24-29; 1 Timothy 1:12-16) Paul talks about how God chose him especially to take a new message to the Gentiles.

  • Paul does something no other apostle dares to do — he tells his readers to pattern their behavior after his (1 Corinthians 4:16; Philippians 3:17; Philippians 4:9).

  • Paul uses the word “mystery” 17 times to refer to doctrines that God gave him that had never been given to anyone else.

  • Frequently, Paul uses the term “but now” to refer to things revealed by God through him that were previously hidden. For example, Romans 16:25-26.

No other writer of Scripture ties his message and his ministry so closely to his own person. It almost seems like Paul himself is part of the message. That can’t be a good thing, right? Paul must have been conceited.

OR, as is the case, Paul was inspired by the Holy Spirit to make it very clear that his particular message was new and important and that Paul himself was the key to understanding it.

However, for this reason I obtained mercy, that in me first Jesus Christ might show all longsuffering, as a pattern to those who are going to believe on Him for everlasting life (1 Timothy 1:16).

Some say that’s Paul message was simply that Gentiles could now be saved as Jews were saved. That is certainly part of it, but just as certainly not all of it. After all, the Old Testament prophets foretold that the Gentiles would someday be blessed (Isaiah 49:6 for example). But those prophecies look to a time, still future, when the Gentile nations will be blessed through Israel during the millennium. Paul’s message — a mystery that was not foretold — is that Gentiles can be saved apart from Israel.

Jesus Christ, when He was on earth, ministered only to Jews (Matthew 10:5-6). The Gentiles were aliens from the commonwealth of Israel and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in the world (Ephesians 2:12).

Now Jesus Christ, through Paul, makes salvation available to all, Jews and Gentiles alike (Romans 15:8-12).

For Gentiles to be saved during the Old Testament period, they had to become Jews. Now there is no longer a distinction. Both are joined together in the Body of Christ, another revelation given only to Paul. He says: I now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up in my flesh what is lacking in the afflictions of Christ, for the sake of His body, which is the church, of which I became a minister according to the stewardship from God which was given to me for you, to fulfill the word of God, the mystery which has been hidden from ages and from generations, but now has been revealed to His saints (Colossians 1:24-26).

Peter spoke of the resurrection of Jesus Christ at Pentecost, but apart from the basic fact of the resurrection, his message wasn’t much different from that of Christ Himself before the cross. It was through Paul that the Lord revealed exactly what Christ’s death and resurrection mean (Romans 5:6-11).

So, a new audience, a new body of believers, a new emphasis on the cross. But that’s not all. Paul also was the messenger of a new way to live.

Salvation, since Adam and Eve, has always been by faith. But prior to Paul’s ministry, that faith had to be demonstrated. In the Old Testament, God made it clear: You shall therefore keep My statutes and My judgments, which if a man does, he shall live by them: I am the LORD (Leviticus 18:5). The law was still in effect when Christ was on earth: For I say to you, that unless your righteousness exceeds the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, you will by no means enter the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 5:20).

And for those Jews saved under the kingdom gospel, the law was still in effect after the resurrection, which is why James, in his book to the Jews says, faith without works is dead (James 2:20).

Yes, the purpose of the law was to teach us that we couldn’t be saved by obeying the law but only by trusting in Jesus Christ. But it wasn’t until Paul that this was revealed. But before faith came, we were kept under guard by the law, kept for the faith which would afterward be revealed. Therefore the law was our tutor to bring us to Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But after faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor (Galatians 3:23-25).

Now, Paul explains, instead of trying and repeatedly failing to keep a law we are incapable of keeping, we are simply to walk in the Holy Spirit. I say then: Walk in the Spirit, and you shall not fulfill the lust of the flesh (Galatians 5:16).

There are many other aspects of Paul’s ministry. We’ll get to them in a future post on the “mysteries” that he mentions.

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Interpreting Galatians

The Holy Spirit inspired Paul to write the book of Galatians to explain the differences between law and grace. For much of the first two chapters, Paul points to the differences between himself—the apostle of grace—and the twelve, who were still preaching the law as part of the kingdom gospel. The particular law that caused the tension was circumcision, but Paul makes it clear that the issue involved the entire Old Testament law.

Paul had traveled throughout the region of Galatia, a Roman province in what is now Turkey. He had preached his message of salvation by grace through faith and started several churches. After he moved on, Judaizers visited the Christians in Galatia and informed them that they couldn’t be saved unless they were circumcised and observed the Jewish feasts and ceremonies. The Galatians were beginning to waver in their faith. Paul wrote them this letter. He wasn’t happy with the Judaizers or with those who had so soon forgotten his teaching.

Here’s a quick survey of the first two chapters.

1:1 — Paul, an apostle (not from men nor through men, but through Jesus Christ) — Already he’s setting the tone. He didn’t get his authority from men, not even from the other apostles, but personally and directly from Jesus Christ.

1:6 — a different gospel — The word “gospel” means “good news.” It isn’t specific to one message. There are several gospels mentioned in Scripture. (There’s a post on this coming soon.)

1:7 — which is not another — In other words, this other gospel that the Judaizers were preaching to the Galatians was not good news for them (or for us). For the Galatians, this other gospel was a false gospel because it would put them under the law, which would not be good news.

1:8 — But even if we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel to you than what we have preached to you, let him be accursed. — Another reference to there being more than one gospel. Angels frequently delivered messages from God to Israel. They were, in fact, closely tied to the covenant of the Law made between God and Israel only, which was given to Israel by angels with Moses as mediator (John 1:17; Acts 7:53; Galatians 3:19.) But Paul was saying that, for the Gentiles, his message is more important than any other message, even if the other message is brought by angels because he was the one God chose to bring the message of grace to the Gentiles. In addition, what we have preached to you puts specific emphasis on Paul as the messenger. Paul repeats this warning in verse 9, but this time puts the emphasis on the hearers — what you have received — referring to what they heard from him.

1:11-12 — But I make known to you, brethren, that the gospel which was preached by me is not according to man. For I neither received it from man, nor was I taught it, but it came through the revelation of Jesus Christ. — Here is the answer to the question posed at the beginning of my last post as to whether the words of Jesus Christ are more important than the words of Paul. This is just one of many places where Paul makes it clear that his words ARE the words of Jesus Christ. Paul is making it clear that his message came by direct revelation from Jesus Christ. He didn’t hear it from others, including the apostles. The “I” in the statement For I neither received it from man is emphatic in the Greek, suggesting a contrast with the Judaizers who probably professed to come from James (Galatians 2:12). If Paul’s message was not different from that of the twelve, there would have been no reason for separate revelation and no reason why he couldn’t have learned it from them. And, there would be no reason for him to be so adamant when he made this statement.

1:15-16 — But when it pleased God, who separated me from my mother’s womb and called me through His grace, to reveal His Son in me, that I might preach Him among the Gentiles … — A clear statement that God called Paul to preach a specific message to Gentiles. In Greek, the word “reveal” means to uncover or to unveil something hidden.

1:16-17 — I did not immediately confer with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me; but I went to Arabia, and returned again to Damascus. — Ask yourself why the Holy Spirit inspired Paul to write this. Why would it be important for the Galatians to know that Paul didn’t discuss his revelation with the twelve apostles or anybody else? Wouldn’t you think the wise thing for him to do would be to sit under the teaching of others who had sat under the ministry of Jesus Christ Himself and who had been preaching the message for several years IF it was the same message? Paul recognized the authority of the twelve apostles, but declares his independence from them.

1:18-19 — Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to see Peter, and remained with him fifteen days. But I saw none of the other apostles except James, the Lord’s brother. (Now concerning the things which I write to you, indeed, before God, I do not lie.) — Again, why tell us this? Paul says he went to Jerusalem to “see” Peter. That’s a word that is generally used to indicate a visit for the purpose of getting acquainted. (This James wasn’t one of the twelve, but his association with them, by this time, was so great that he was referred to as an apostle in a greater sense. This James had become a leader in the Jerusalem church and wrote the book of James.) The point that Paul was making in these verses about the short duration and limits of his visit to Jerusalem were so important that he followed it up with a strong statement, before God, that he wasn’t lying. This was to counter the claims the Judaizers were making to the Galatians about Paul’s ministry, but also to demonstrate the uniqueness of his gospel.

2:1 — Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, and also took Titus with me. — After fourteen years of ministry, Paul went to Jerusalem. He went to talk to the apostles, and he brought along Titus, who wasn’t circumcised, to show the distinction of his message. Barnabas was a Jew and had been circumcised as a child.

2:2 — And I went up by revelation, and communicated to them that gospel which I preach among the Gentiles … —  “That gospel which I preach” was different from the gospel they were preaching, otherwise there would be no reason for him to communicate it to them. And he didn’t go to make sure he and the twelve were on the same page. He went to tell them what he was preaching.

2:2 — But privately to those who were of reputation, lest by any means I might run, or had run, in vain. — Paul knew that the twelve were well known and well regarded for their ministry (and rightly so) to the Jews. If they were to openly oppose his message, his ministry would be less effective. So he traveled, by God’s guidance, to Jerusalem to talk with them privately.

2:3 — Yet not even Titus who was with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised. — But notice that Titus was set forth as the exception (in Jerusalem). The Holy Spirit had never told the twelve that circumcision and adherence to the law was no longer necessary for Jews saved under the kingdom message. That was still part of their gospel.

2:6 — But from those who seemed to be something—whatever they were, it makes no difference to me; God shows personal favoritism to no man—for those who seemed to be something added nothing to me. — This, at first look, was a startling thing to write. Paul seemed to be demeaning the twelve apostles. That wasn’t the case. He was simply making an unequivocal statement that the twelve weren’t the ultimate authorities, and especially not on this issue. Paul was probably refuting the Judaizers who were using the twelve as their authority for undermining Paul’s ministry. Whatever they were has the sense of “what they once were.” At Pentecost and following, until the rejection of the risen Christ by the Jews and the start of Paul’s ministry, the twelve did have ultimate authority. But Paul’s authority came directly from Christ, and the twelve had no authority over him. Paul ended the verse with a clear statement that the twelve added nothing to his message or his authority.

2:7 — But on the contrary, when they saw that the gospel for the uncircumcised had been committed to me, as the gospel for the circumcised was to Peter — Rather, the twelve recognized Paul’s authority. And note the clear statement that there are two gospels in play here — that for the uncircumcised (Paul’s gospel for the Gentiles) and that for the circumcised (Peter’s gospel for the Jews) Note: the time was not far off — Acts 28:25-28 — when the gospel for the circumcised would be set aside entirely until after the Rapture of the Body of Christ. During the period (which continues today) between Acts 28 and the Rapture, there would be no distinction between Jew and Gentile.

2:9 — And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that had been given to me, they gave me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. — This is a very important verse. Read it carefully. Then read it again. James, Cephas (Peter), and John agreed that their ministry would only be to the Jews. Why is this significant? Because these three men wrote almost all of those New Testament books that appear at the end of the Bible after those written by Paul. This verse makes it clear (because nowhere in Scripture is this information updated, changed, or cancelled) that the books written by James, Peter, and John are for the Jews. Don’t misunderstand me. All Scripture is profitable (2 Timothy 3:16-17). But we have to read it with understanding. This verse, although definitive, doesn’t stand alone. There is plenty of evidence in the General Epistles that support this point. Look at the first verse of James, for example, or 1 Peter 1:1-2.

2:11 — Now when Peter had come to Antioch, I withstood him to his face, because he was to be blamed; for before certain men came from James, he would eat with the Gentiles; but when they came, he withdrew and separated himself, fearing those who were of the circumcision. — Even after Paul’s visit to Jerusalem, there continued to be tension. James was zealous for the law (and continued to be so much later—see Acts 21:20) and was apparently encouraging the Judaizers to preach the law. Peter, and even Barnabas (v. 13) were persuaded. And this answers the other question at the beginning of my last post. Paul and Peter weren’t having a power struggle to see whose message would be taught. They were teaching different messages to different audiences, as directed by the Holy Spirit. The problem here is that Peter, for a moment, got the audiences and messages mixed up, and Paul had to set him right.

Paul goes on in the rest of this book to point out the differences between his gospel and the gospel of the circumcision. But our point here is that the Holy Spirit thought it important to take two chapters to explain the separation between Paul and the twelve in clear, decisive language. If it’s that important to Him, we believe we should pay attention and remember the lesson as we read and interpret other Scriptures.

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The Twelve

The ministry of the Apostle Paul is, we believe, greatly misunderstood. Coming to grips with his message may be the largest hurdle for most people as they try to understand Scripture.

Some people try to lump Paul with the twelve apostles by claiming that it was wrong for them to choose Matthias to replace Judas — they should have waited until God chose Paul.

Others relegate Paul to secondary status by saying that the things Jesus said are more important for us to follow than anything Paul might have said.

And there are those who see Paul’s ministry essentially as a power struggle with Peter.

Paul can’t be dismissed that easily — or at all. He was given a special ministry to a group of people who, prior to that point, had no connection to God (Colossians 1:21). Those people are Gentiles — anyone who isn’t a Jew. Those people are us. Paul is our apostle. More on this in future posts, but first a look at the twelve apostles.

The twelve apostles were chosen by Jesus to minister with Him to Israel, and only to Israel (Matthew 10:5-7). Their ministry was to preach the kingdom of heaven—the term Matthew uses for the Millennial Kingdom when Christ will be on the throne in Jerusalem and the nations will be blessed through Israel. The apostles will sit on twelve thrones over the tribes of Israel during that kingdom (Matthew 19:28).

Even after Jesus Christ died and rose again, the ministry of the twelve was still about the kingdom (although that message now included the resurrection). In the last conversation that the eleven (minus Judas) had with the Lord before He ascended to heaven, they asked if the kingdom was going to be restored to Israel at that time (Acts 1:6-8). The Lord only told them that the timing wasn’t for them to know, but that they should continue witnessing as they had been — about the kingdom — with the Holy Spirit to empower them. Their ministry was to begin in Jerusalem. Why start in the city that had just days before crucified the king? Because the kingdom message they were preaching made it clear that the world couldn’t be reached until Israel repented. From Jerusalem and Judea, the apostles were to go to Samaria. Why? Because the Samaritans were the remnants of the 10 “lost” tribes, and the rest of the world couldn’t be reached until Israel was reunited.

To jump ahead a bit, the fact that the ministry of the twelve apostles was for Israel explains why you don’t see anywhere in Scripture that they got more than a handful of miles away from Jerusalem. When the Jews in Jerusalem rejecting the kingdom message again — as demonstrated by their stoning of Stephen — the kingdom couldn’t begin, and the rest of the world couldn’t be reached through Israel at that time. That’s why you hear very little about the twelve apostles after Acts 11. Peter gets mentioned a few times, and we hear about the death of James in Acts 12, but that’s about it. (Don’t confuse the apostle James with James the half-brother of Jesus who wrote the New Testament book and shows up in Acts several times.) Peter and John later wrote New Testament books, but the audience for those books was also Israel (Galatians 2:9).

At Pentecost, the twelve apostles were in the Jewish capital, for a Jewish feast, in fulfillment of Jewish prophecy, in front of an audience made up entirely of Jews. Their message was completely and totally about the kingdom. Peter explained (Acts 2:16-21) that the prophecies of Joel regarding Israel were being fulfilled that day. He went on to prove that Jesus Christ, whom they had just crucified, was their Messiah (Acts 2:36). He called on the Jews to repent for their sin of rejecting their Messiah and instructed them to be baptized to have their sins forgiven. There was nothing in Peter’s message about grace, nothing about Christ dying in their place, nothing about the blood of Christ.

Pentecost wasn’t the beginning of the Body of Christ, the church of today. It was a message for Israel about the kingdom. It was about the ministry of the twelve.

As for whether the apostles should have waited until the Lord added Paul to their number to replace Judas… When Matthias was chosen, the apostles first prayed and asked for the Lord’s guidance. He demonstrated His will when they cast lots — a common Old Testament method that God used to reveal His will — and He chose Matthias. The apostles didn’t make the choice, the Lord did. In the very next verses, at the start of Acts 2, we read that they were ALL gathered, and the Holy Spirit came upon ALL of them. This could not, and would not, have happened if they had been wrong in choosing Matthias.

Why was a replacement for Judas needed? There had to be twelve apostles because they will reign over the tribes of Israel in the Millennial Kingdom—and there are twelve tribes (Matthew 19:28).

Add to that all the evidence that Paul had a different ministry — which (along with answers to the other questions at the beginning of this post) we will get to in our next posts.

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How to Find the Truth

Having determined that the Bible is true and that the truth is knowable, the next question we should ask is how can we know that truth?

We believe this comes down to hermeneutics (from a Greek word meaning “interpretation” or “expert in interpretation”). It basically means the method you use for interpretation.

There are various methods. The one we think makes the most sense is generally called the “literal, historical, grammatical” method. In other words, the text of Scripture is taken to mean what it says literally, the events in Scripture are considered to have happened historically and the words themselves are used in their normal grammatical sense.

How can we be sure this is the correct way? For starters, if something doesn’t mean what it says, it isn’t truth. God can’t claim that His Word is true if He tells us one thing but means something entirely different. (For example, If He tells us that the world was created in seven days each of which had a morning and an evening when what He actually meant is that the “days” were really long periods lasting millions of years during which evolution took place, then He isn’t telling the truth.)

Then there’s the fact that God tells us to stand for the truth, defend the truth, and preach the truth. How can we possible do those things if we can’t know what the truth is — or if the things God Himself tells us aren’t true to begin with?

And if the Bible doesn’t mean what it says, who gets to decide what it does mean? There are those who claim that the gift of interpretation is only given to some — priests or pastors or theologians — and that the rest of us should rely on them to tell us what Scripture means. This was a popular view in the Roman Catholic Church for centuries. The Bible was only printed in Latin so that only priests could read it. There are two pretty obvious problems with this approach.

First, if it were true that priests and pastors and theologians have a special insight into biblical truth, there would be a large degree of consensus among them in regard to truth. There is virtually no consensus at all.

Second, there’s Scripture itself.

1 Thessalonians 5:21Test all things; hold fast what is good. Context is always important. This verse is at the end of a string of exhortations in which Paul instructs Christians regarding prayer, the will of God, the leading of the Holy Spirit, and the correct approach to prophecy (in this context, Scripture, which includes Paul’s letters to them).

Acts 17:10-12Then the brethren immediately sent Paul and Silas away by night to Berea. When they arrived, they went into the synagogue of the Jews. These were more fair-minded than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness, and searched the Scriptures daily to find out whether these things were so. Therefore many of them believed.

There are a lot more instructions on studying Scripture, including Psalm 119, 2 Timothy 2:15, and many of the verses we included in our previous post on truth.

We are to search Scripture for ourselves to find the truth. Yes, we should listen to pastors, read commentaries, and talk to other people. Yes, they can help us understand. But ultimately, we as individuals, are responsible for checking what we hear against Scripture to see if what we’ve heard is true.

“But,” many say, “the Bible is filled with figures of speech and allegories and parables that can’t be taken literally.” We believe, for many people, this is just an excuse not to study. For others, it’s a way of “explaining away” uncomfortable verses instead of explaining them.

We all use figures of speech and illustrations in everyday talk and we never have any trouble understanding each other. If someone told you that they found a “boatload” of coins under the cushions of their couch, you would know they were using a figure of speech and that they didn’t actually find enough coins to fill a boat. But you would also know that they had — literally — found a large number of coins.

Not only that, but in most cases in Scripture where visions, allegories, or parables are used, the Bible almost immediately explains them or explains how to interpret them.

One final point. The Bible takes itself literally, which should be our pattern for understanding it. Micah 5:2 says that the Messiah would be born in Bethlehem. The Messiah was born in Bethlehem. Zechariah 9:9 says that the Messiah would enter Jerusalem riding on a colt. The Messiah entered Jerusalem riding on a colt.

It’s true that a lot of people in Scripture didn’t understand things in Scripture, but in many cases, the Lord made it clear that they should have (John 3:10, for example).

Again, please hear us—we’re not claiming that we do understand everything in Scripture. And we believe that we can’t understand it completely without the help of the Holy Spirit.

1 Corinthians 2:14But the natural man does not receive the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him; nor can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned.

To sum up, we believe that Scripture can be understood (with the help of the Holy Spirit) and that the way to understand it is to believe that it means what it says.

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Truth

The Bible tells us that creation and our consciences clearly prove to us that there is a God. From that evidence, we can know a lot about God. But using those sources alone, we can’t know God. For that, He gave us the Bible. If you don’t accept that statement, than what follows will mean nothing to you.

(To keep this post a reasonable length, we are only going to post a selection of the verses that back up our points. There are many more we could use.)

God inspired men to write the Scriptures. In those Scriptures, He says, unequivocally that His Word is true.

Psalm 119:160The entirety of Your word is truth, And every one of Your righteous judgments endures forever.

1 Thessalonians 2:13For this reason we also thank God without ceasing, because when you received the word of God which you heard from us, you welcomed it not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which also effectively works in you who believe.

God wants all people to know the truth.

1 Timothy 2:4Who [God] desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth.

God says that we should study the truth.

1 Timothy 4:13, 15-16Till I come, give attention to reading, to exhortation, to doctrine. Meditate on these things; give yourself entirely to them, that your progress may be evident to all. Take heed to yourself and to the doctrine. Continue in them, for in doing this you will save both yourself and those who hear you.

God says that we should obey the truth.

Galatians 5:7You ran well. Who hindered you from obeying the truth?

God says that we should stand fast for the truth and defend the truth.

Ephesians 6:14Stand therefore, having girded your waist with truth, having put on the breastplate of righteousness.

2 Thessalonians 2:15Therefore, brethren, stand fast and hold the traditions which you were taught, whether by word or our epistle.

God says that we should tell others the truth.

2 Timothy 2:24-25And a servant of the Lord must not quarrel but be gentle to all, able to teach, patient, in humility correcting those who are in opposition, if God perhaps will grant them repentance, so that they may know the truth.

God says that we will be held accountable for not knowing and believing the truth.

2 Thessalonians 2:12That they all may be condemned who did not believe the truth but had pleasure in unrighteousness.

It makes no sense that God would instruct us to stand fast for something we could not know or hold us accountable for not knowing something we can’t understand.

Based on these few verses, we can absolutely, definitively know three things:

  1. Scripture is truth.

  2. That truth is knowable.

  3. We are accountable for knowing it.

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Can We Know?

Several times in the past year, my wife and I have been talking to others about some point of biblical doctrine and have had them look at us blankly and say, in essence, “There are so many different views. Can we ever know for sure?”

We find this sad.

These are Christians saying this. People who believe that Jesus Christ died on the cross and rose again and that, because of their faith, they are saved and will spend eternity with Him. But that’s about all they believe. They aren’t willing to take a stand on any other point and get very uncomfortable when we do.

We’ve responded with this: “If you tell me I don’t understand Scripture, I am challenged to study more and learn so that I do understand. But if you tell me I can’t understand Scripture, I have no incentive to study at all.” But that doesn’t convince them because a lot of Christians don’t study Scripture. Or at least they don’t study it for themselves. They do packaged studies or go to groups where they hear somebody else read from a packaged study or they go to church and hear a preacher read his packaged seminary notes. For the most part, a lot of believers are afraid to study on their own. While there can be value in any message from Scripture, unless a person digs into the Word on a personal basis, there’s no way the can be sure that what they’ve heard is correct.

During one conversation on doctrinal truth with a young woman, she interrupted us and said “That’s too hard. I want to just go on believing what I’ve always believed.”

Why have so many Christians reached this point?

On the one hand, the cultural emphasis on diversity has crept into Christian circles in the guise of tolerance for others’ doctrinal views. We don’t want to offend anyone, so we don’t take any stand that somebody might take exception to. And anyway, “if they believe the important stuff, what does the rest of it matter?”

The typical church also bears a lot of the blame because the messages present a bad example of how to study and interpret Scripture. In the church we used to attend, the pastor once gave a message on the importance of being in the Word. As we listened carefully, we realized that “being in the Word” to him meant listening to him preach on Sundays — and that was it. We once heard him preach a message from Ezekiel on why the church should have multiple campuses. On another Sunday, the topic was why it was OK for the church to have a major fundraising drive to build a coffee shop — based on Psalm 92.

As people without a background in personal Bible study listen to these messages, they’re being conditioned to think that Scripture can be made to mean anything, or that only those who get paid to study can possibly know what a passage really means.

And we know several Christians who will come right out and say that major portions of Scripture — the creation account in Genesis, the entire book of Revelation, and even parts of Romans — can’t be taken literally. They say that we have to look to science for the facts. They say that much of the Bible has to be interpreted allegorically, or that much of it can’t be understood, or that there’s no way to know the truth.

Yet these same Christians will look to the very Bible that they just completely discredited and point to a few familiar passages, such as John 3:16, and announce, in essence, “This. This is truth. I will stake my eternal destiny on this.” We don’t understand how they can do that. If so much of the Bible can be so readily dismissed, how can they be sure about any of it? How do they know any of what they believe is true?

Please understand. We are not claiming that we have a full understanding of Scripture.

But we believe, as firmly as we believe anything, that we can understand Scripture. In future posts, we will do our best to explain why we feel that way and how we approach Scripture as a result.

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Psalm 55:1-23

To the Chief Musician. With stringed instruments. A Contemplation of David.

1 Give ear to my prayer, O God,
And do not hide Yourself from my supplication.

Attend to me, and hear me;
I am restless in my complaint, and moan noisily,

Because of the voice of the enemy,
Because of the oppression of the wicked;
For they bring down trouble upon me,
And in wrath they hate me.

My heart is severely pained within me,
And the terrors of death have fallen upon me.

Fearfulness and trembling have come upon me,
And horror has overwhelmed me.

So I said, “Oh, that I had wings like a dove!
I would fly away and be at rest.

Indeed, I would wander far off,
And remain in the wilderness. Selah

I would hasten my escape
From the windy storm and tempest.”

Destroy, O Lord, and divide their tongues,
For I have seen violence and strife in the city.

10 Day and night they go around it on its walls;
Iniquity and trouble are also in the midst of it.

11 Destruction is in its midst;
Oppression and deceit do not depart from its streets.

12 For it is not an enemy who reproaches me;
Then I could bear it.
Nor is it one who hates me who has exalted himself against me;
Then I could hide from him.

13 But it was you, a man my equal,
My companion and my acquaintance.

14 We took sweet counsel together,
And walked to the house of God in the throng.

15 Let death seize them;
Let them go down alive into hell,
For wickedness is in their dwellings and among them.

16 As for me, I will call upon God,
And the Lord shall save me.

17 Evening and morning and at noon
I will pray, and cry aloud,
And He shall hear my voice.

18 He has redeemed my soul in peace from the battle that was against me,
For there were many against me.

19 God will hear, and afflict them,
Even He who abides from of old. Selah
Because they do not change,
Therefore they do not fear God.

20 He has put forth his hands against those who were at peace with him;
He has broken his covenant.

21 The words of his mouth were smoother than butter,
But war was in his heart;
His words were softer than oil,
Yet they were drawn swords.

22 Cast your burden on the Lord,
And He shall sustain you;
He shall never permit the righteous to be moved.

23 But You, O God, shall bring them down to the pit of destruction;
Bloodthirsty and deceitful men shall not live out half their days;
But I will trust in You.

moan noisily (v.2) = made an uproar, express great agitation

severely pained (v.4) = lit. trembling, the tremors brought on by anxiety

terrors (v.4) = dread

Though the situation underlying this psalm is unspecified, a clue as to what it may have been is indicated by his wish (in v.6) that he had wings like a dove that he might fly away and be at rest (doves being prone to fly about and dwell in places inaccessible to hunters), which recalls David’s words in 1 Samuel 26:20, when he was cornered by Saul in the wilderness of Ziph. — Wechsler, page 154.

divide their tongues (v.9) — If this psalm was written about the time of Absalom and Ahithophel’s rebellion, this prayer would seem to have been answered in 2 Samuel 17:1-14. This may be a reference to Babel.

my companion and my acquaintance (v.12) — “acquaintance” can be translated “familiar friend” or even “relative” (as in Ruth 2:1). This could apply, in David’s case to either Saul or Absalom.

As typically in his psalms of lament and complaint, David finds solace despite his situation (i.e., before it has been resolved) by affirming what he knows God will do — not by presuming upon God with what David wants Him to do, but rather affirming what He Himself has said He will do, and, because He is faithful to His word (1 Samuel 15:29), what we who are His children have every right to expect Him to do. — Wechsler, page 155.

moved (v.22) = never lose or be separated — from his promised inheritance of life in the eternity in the presence of God.

Williams’ take:

The conduct of Absalom and Ahithophel (2 Samuel 15) illustrate but do not exhaust the Psalm. It concerns the hatred and treachery which Messiah suffered personally in the days of His flesh; and which He now suffers, and will yet suffer, in sympathy with His people (Colossians 1:24).

As predicted in Daniel 11 and John 5:43, the majority of the Jews will accept Anti-Christ as the promised Messiah. He will make a covenant with them, and, with them, cruelly persecute the believing minority. But after a little time he will break the covenant and seek to destroy them all. This is the covenant referred to in verse 20; and his is the hypocrisy of verse 11. — Williams, page 342

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Psalm 54:1-7

To the Chief Musician. With stringed instruments. A Contemplation of David when the Ziphites went and said to Saul, “Is David not hiding with us?”

1 Save me, O God, by Your name,
And vindicate me by Your strength.

Hear my prayer, O God;
Give ear to the words of my mouth.

For strangers have risen up against me,
And oppressors have sought after my life;
They have not set God before them. Selah

Behold, God is my helper;
The Lord is with those who uphold my life.

He will repay my enemies for their evil.
Cut them off in Your truth.

I will freely sacrifice to You;
I will praise Your name, O Lord, for it is good.

For He has delivered me out of all trouble;
And my eye has seen its desire upon my enemies.

Ziphites (intro) — The Ziphites were members of the tribe of Judah, as was David. The city of Ziph was four miles south of Hebron. David was hiding in a nearby woods. See 1 Samuel 23:19. A similar occurrence is recorded in 1 Samuel 26:1.

name (v.1) — signifies not merely the collection of “sounds” by which God is known, but His reputation as revealed in who He is and what He does. In this way David is therefore making a concise appeal that God act upon His covenant love as previously affirmed and demonstrated towards him. — Wechsler, page 152

vindicate (v.1) = judge, defend

strangers (v.3) — the Ziphites

oppressors (v.3) = awe-inspiring, striking terror — Saul and his soldiers

not set God before them (v.3) — they have not sought to live their lives in the “fear” (that is, “worship”) of God, in contrast to the righteous who, even if imperfect, “set the LORD continually before” them (Psalm 16:8); by “vindicating” David (v.1), therefore, God will ultimately be vindicating Himself, in the emulation of whose character and obedience to whose laws David lives. — Wechsler, page 152.

uphold (v.4) = sustain, lean, rest, support

David’s confidence (vs. 4-5) — as he affirms so frequently throughout his psalms — is his relationship with God; it is his conviction, based on God’s own words and promises to him, that, whatever may transpire in his role as Israel’s king, God is his helper — the personal intimacy of which notion is indicated both by the use here of a variant form of the same word used for Eve as Adam’s wife (i.e., a helper suitable to him”; Genesis 2:18, 20) as well as by the additional descriptive phrase “sustainer of my soul.” — Wechsler, pages 152-153.

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[David] ends this psalm (as he does so many others; cf. Psalms 7:17; 13:6; 26:11-12; etc.) by affirming what he will do (v.6: “I will sacrifice … (and) give thanks”) regardless of how and when God might resolve his present predicament, for ultimately He will deliver (v.7; the use of the past tense “delivered” underscores the certainty of the event) David — as every believer — from all trouble and he will look back upon his enemies (i.e., unbelievers) with the knowledge that God’s name has been eternally vindicated. — Wechsler, page 153.

my eye has seen its desire upon my enemies (v.7) — Psalm 59:10; 92:11

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Psalm 53:1-6

To the Chief Musician. Set to “Mahalath.” A Contemplation of David.

1 The fool has said in his heart,
“There is no God.”
They are corrupt, and have done abominable iniquity;
There is none who does good.

God looks down from heaven upon the children of men,
To see if there are any who understand, who seek God.

Every one of them has turned aside;
They have together become corrupt;
There is none who does good,
No, not one.

Have the workers of iniquity no knowledge,
Who eat up my people as they eat bread,
And do not call upon God?

There they are in great fear
Where no fear was,
For God has scattered the bones of him who encamps against you;
You have put them to shame,
Because God has despised them.

Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion!
When God brings back the captivity of His people,
Let Jacob rejoice and Israel be glad.

This psalm represents an iteration, with minor variations, of Psalm 14, the reason being to emphasize the unchanging anatomy of human folly (viz., it’s essence and pervasiveness). The concise instruction “according to Mahalat” most likely designating the melody according to which the psalm was to be sung, though the meaning of the term “Mahalat” is uncertain (suggestions include “sickness,” “entreaty,” or “pardon”). — Wechsler, pages 150-151.

Quoted in Romans 3:10-12

fool (v.1) = one with a withered intellect — In Scripture, it refers to the wicked who aggressively and intentionally boast of their independence from God and His commandments, who deny His existence or deny the existence of divine justice.

abominable (v.1) = abhorred, detested

looks down (v.2) — referring to God’s assessment of the heart of men

That this passage is applied to Jews as well as Gentiles is shown by the use of the same phrases in other passages applying directly to Israel. For example, “they have become corrupt” (Deuteronomy 31:29); “they have turned aside” (Isaiah 1:23).

The main variation between this psalm and Psalm 14 is centered in verse 5, which complements the emphasis on God’s sympathy and proximity to the righteous in the structurally parallel passage in Psalm 14:5-6 by here emphasizing His judgment and rejection of those (i.e., the Gentile nations, who in the Old Testament are generally identified with the enemies of the True God) who encamped against David’s people. — Wechsler, page 151.

The other difference between this psalm and Psalm 14 is the use here of Elohim in all seven mentions of God while the earlier psalm used Jehovah four times.

Here’s Williams’ take:

In Psalm 14, the attention of the reader is directed to the suffering of Messiah and His servants. It is for private use. Its purpose is to sustain Israel’s faith in her future affliction of which that under Pharaoh was a fore-picture. In Psalm 53, “instruction” is given respecting the judgment of the oppressor and the deliverance of the oppressed. It is for public use. The psalm instructs the Fool and his followers respecting the judgment that must overtake them if they do not confess their abominable iniquities and seek forgiveness for them. Psalm 14:6 pictures the Fool and his followers putting the afflicted of Israel to shame; Psalm 53:5 views the Messiah putting the Fool and his followers to shame. But in both psalms, as also in Romans 1 and 2, God’s moral judgment of man, as man, whether he be a Jew or a Gentile, is declared to be the same — all are corrupt. — Williams, pages 341-342.

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Psalm 52:1-9

To the Chief Musician. A Contemplation of David when Doeg the Edomite went and told Saul, and said to him, “David has gone to the house of Ahimelech.”

1 Why do you boast in evil, O mighty man?
The goodness of God endures continually.

Your tongue devises destruction,
Like a sharp razor, working deceitfully.

You love evil more than good,
Lying rather than speaking righteousness. Selah

You love all devouring words,
You deceitful tongue.

God shall likewise destroy you forever;
He shall take you away, and pluck you out of your dwelling place,
And uproot you from the land of the living. Selah

The righteous also shall see and fear,
And shall laugh at him, saying,

“Here is the man who did not make God his strength,
But trusted in the abundance of his riches,
And strengthened himself in his wickedness.”

But I am like a green olive tree in the house of God;
I trust in the mercy of God forever and ever.

I will praise You forever,
Because You have done it;
And in the presence of Your saints
I will wait on Your name, for it is good.

This is one of eight psalms which are associated by their titles with David’s experiences as an exile from Saul. The others are Psalm 7 (concerning Cush); Psalm 59 (Saul seeks to kill David); Psalm 34 (David at the court of Abimelech); Psalm 57 (he flees to the cave of Adullam); Psalm 142 (a prayer in the cave); Psalm 54 (David is almost betrayed by the people of Ziph). Psalm 52 is one of the earlier poems. It relates to David’s flight to the tabernacle at Nob. The  help given him by Ahimelich the priest was reported to Saul (1 Samuel 21:1-9; 22:9-23). This psalm is an expression of David’s righteous indignation at Doeg’s betrayal. — Guthrie, page 484.

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a contemplation (introduction) — Considering the etymology of this term (conveying the basic notion of “imparting or expressing wisdom”) as well as it’s usage in the Psalms (14:2; 53:2; 41:1) and elsewhere (e.g., Proverbs 10:19; 16:20; 17:2; 21:12), it may be reasonably deduced that a maskil is a type of psalm focusing specifically on instruction in practical wisdom, based on the revelation and unchanging character of God.  — Wechsler, page 97.

__________

[This psalm is a] “theodicy,” which concerns the “vindication” of God’s justice in the face of what would seem to be His allowance and, on occasion, even enacting of injustice (see Romans 9:14-29). In this case the seeming injustice in view is, according to the heading, that which resulted when Doeg the Edomite came and told Saul … “David has come to the house of Abimelech” (see 1 Samuel 22:9, 22) — the injustice being (1) God allowing Doeg to communicate David’s whereabouts, thereby placing him in greater danger and distress, and (2) the resultant massacre of the priests at Nob (also at the hand of Doeg) when they admitted to harboring David, who had by then left. (See 1 Samuel 22:18-19.) That Saul turned to Doeg — an unconverted Gentile — when none of his other soldiers were willing to kill the priests, underscores the resultant folly [caused by] God withdrawing from him the empowerment/ability to lead effectively. [See note on Psalm 51:11] — Wechsler, page 148.

O mighty man (v.1) — David is using this term ironically, referring to Doeg’s opinion of himself

Lying rather than speaking righteousness (v.3) —  The word “lying” here can also mean “deception” or “treachery.”  Technically, what Doeg reported about David was true. David is referring, rather, to his intent (v.4 speaks to this) and the fact that he meant both David and Abimelech evil. He certainly wasn’t speaking righteousness. While lying is never justified in Scripture, saying nothing can sometimes be the proper course.

Eternal separation from God, which is unquestionably the essence of the final torment of the wicked, is signaled by David’s assertion that God “will snatch you up, and tear you away from the tent” (v.5). Though some translations insert the pronoun “your” (which is not in the Hebrew text) before “tent” here, it is much more likely that David is referring here to “His (i.e., God’s) tent,” since (1) it is not in fact true that God always “tears away” the wicked from their “tent” (Hebrew ohel, which can only refer to a physical structure), though He will, ultimately, tear down their “house” (i.e., Temple; Hebrew bayit; see v.8 and Psalm 27:4). — Wechsler, pages 149-150.

fear (v.6) = awe, fear of God, which indicates worship and honor and respect

green olive tree (v.8) — a figure of prosperity and longevity

Just as God’s justice is ultimately vindicated by the eternal separation of the wicked from His presence, so too is it vindicated by the commensurate establishment (v.8: “like an olive tree”) of the righteous in His presence — i.e., in the house of God (referring to the “tabernacle” of the New Creation), where David will rest in God’s lovingkindness forever, and praise (or “thank”) Him forever in the company of His godly ones (i.e., the righteous, like him). — Wechsler, page 150.

Williams, as always, takes a Messianic approach:

Doeg hated David and desired his destruction. He falsely accused the High Priest and his family, who were true to David, and at Saul’s command, willingly slaughtered them. He is therefore a type of Anti-Christ, and David a type of Christ.

The last verse contrasts with the first: Anti-Christ boasts of himself; Messiah praises God. Anti-Christ acclaims the success of his malignity; Messiah points to God’s judgment upon it. Anti-Christ abuses the goodness of God; Messiah rejoices in it. — Williams, pages 340-341.

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