Verse by Verse

¹⁴ “So when you see the ‘abomination of desolation,’ spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not” (let the reader understand), “then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains.

¹⁵ Let him who is on the housetop not go down into the house, nor enter to take anything out of his house.

¹⁶ And let him who is in the field not go back to get his clothes.

¹⁷ But woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing babies in those days!

¹⁸ And pray that your flight may not be in winter.

¹⁹ For in those days there will be tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the creation which God created until this time, nor ever shall be.

²⁰ And unless the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect’s sake, whom He chose, He shortened the days.

²¹ “Then if anyone says to you, ‘Look, here is the Christ!’ or, ‘Look, He is there!’ do not believe it.

²² For false christs and false prophets will rise and show signs and wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect.

²³ But take heed; see, I have told you all things beforehand.

Also found in Matthew 24:15-28 and Luke 21:20-24.

Our Lord’s words … reach forward to the Great Tribulation and to Antichrist, the Abomination of Desolation, who will violate the Holy of Holies of the Temple in Jerusalem (Matthew 24:15 standing in the holy place), also Paul (2 Thessalonians 2:3-4). When that occurs, let Israel take that as the signal to flee. Antichrist will make a treaty of friendship and religious toleration with the Jewish nation for a period of seven years (Daniel 9:27, confirm covenant … for one week). After 3½ years, he will violate that covenant by stopping the Temple worship and will enter the Holy of Holies. He will then show himself to be, not the reputed friend and protector of Israel but its bitter enemy. — Wuest, page 249.

woe (v.17) — an interjection of grief

in those days there will be tribulation (v.19) — should read “Those days will be a tribulation.”

These will be tribulation days. The judgments of God which will fall upon unbelieving Israel and the Gentile nations will have no precedent in all past history, and no counterpart in all succeeding history. God, in mercy will shorten the period of the Great Tribulation so that Israel, the nation, might not cease to exist. In Revelation 7:4-8, we have 144,000 of Israel, the preaching remnant in the Great Tribulation period. These announce the coming of the Messiah, and lose their lives during that period by reason of the persecution of Antichrist. In Revelation 14 we see them in the Glory. The period of divine judgment will be shortened in order that the lives of God’s chosen out ones, namely, Israel, might be spared. — Wuest, page 250.

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Christ (v.21) — The Messiah, the promised and coming King of Israel who comes in the dynasty of David to rule over Israel in the Messianic Kingdom. Thus, our Lord was speaking of false Messiahs. This false Christ does not deny the being of a Christ. He builds on the world’s expectation of such a person. He appropriates to himself the title and identity, and affirms that he is the foretold one. These false Messiahs and prophets will show signs and wonders in an attempt to prove their claims to be true. … Our Lord warns Israel against accepting the claims of one who performs miracles solely upon the basis of the fact that he performs miracles. The character of the person and his message must also be taken into consideration. — Wuest, pages 250-251

if possible (v.22) — Whether it is possible or not isn’t determined here.

⁹ “But watch out for yourselves, for they will deliver you up to councils, and you will be beaten in the synagogues. You will be brought before rulers and kings for My sake, for a testimony to them.

¹⁰ And the gospel must first be preached to all the nations.

¹¹ But when they arrest you and deliver you up, do not worry beforehand, or premeditate what you will speak. But whatever is given you in that hour, speak that; for it is not you who speak, but the Holy Spirit.

¹² Now brother will betray brother to death, and a father his child; and children will rise up against parents and cause them to be put to death.

¹³ And you will be hated by all for My name’s sake. But he who endures to the end shall be saved.

Also found in Matthew 24:9-10 and Luke 21:12-19.

But watch out for yourselves (v.9) — The pronoun is added here for emphasis. It is, “But, as for you, do not think only of what is coming.” The word “councils” is … “sitting together.” — Wuest, page 247.

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Treachery from friends and relatives [will be fulfilled] in the Great Tribulation period when the Church will be in Glory and the Jews will be forced to choose between the coming Jesus Christ and the then present Antichrist. The words “ye shall be hated of all men” are distinctly Jewish. Only the Jewish nation ever has been or ever will be the global object of hatred. … That which is to be endured are the sufferings of the Tribulation period. The end refers to the close of that period. Salvation here is not spiritual, for no one is ever saved by enduring anything, but is physical, physical protection and well-being for those who have endured the sufferings of that terrible period, these are saved to enter the Millennium. — Wuest, pages 248-149.

Wuest correctly related this passage to the Tribulation period about half the time. He kept switching back and forth between that interpretation and one that saw fulfillment of these prophecies in the Acts period and in the Age of Grace. All my other commentaries attempted, incorrectly, to apply all these things to today.

See Pentecost’s interpretation of Christ’s words in my post for Matthew 24:9-14.

³ Now as He sat on the Mount of Olives opposite the temple, Peter, James, John, and Andrew asked Him privately,

⁴ “Tell us, when will these things be? And what will be the sign when all these things will be fulfilled?”

⁵ And Jesus, answering them, began to say: “Take heed that no one deceives you.

⁶ For many will come in My name, saying, ‘I am He,’ and will deceive many.

⁷ But when you hear of wars and rumors of wars, do not be troubled; for such things must happen, but the end is not yet.

⁸ For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. And there will be earthquakes in various places, and there will be famines and troubles. These are the beginnings of sorrows.

Also found in Matthew 24:3-7 and Luke 21:5-11.

See my notes on Matthew 24:3-8. The period Jesus described in these verses was the beginning of the Tribulation, after the Rapture. He wasn’t referring to anything that has occurred, or will occur, during the Age of Grace — apart from the fact that political and physical upheavals are always a thing. The Rapture and the Body of Christ wouldn’t be revealed until God called Paul as the apostle to the Gentiles.

Peter and Andrew were brothers, as were James and John.

sign (v.4) = mark, token, that by which a person or thing is distinguished from others and known

deceives (v.5) = leads astray. The Lord warned them not to be fooled and especially not to follow after the one who tries to fool them and lead them astray

in My name (v.6) = lit. “upon the basis of My name” — basing their claims on the use of His name — calling themselves the Messiah (Christ), or claiming powers which only belong to the Messiah

I am He (v.6) — the “I” means “I, in contradistinction to all others.” I, and only I …

The word “troubled” [means] “to be disturbed, disquieted, terrified.” The present imperative in a prohibition is used here, forbidding the continuance of an action already going on. The disciples were already troubled about the political unrest in Palestine. Our Lord says, “Stop being troubled.” He says: “It is necessary in the nature of the case for such things to be.” — Wuest, page 246.

sorrows (v.8) = pains of childbirth, intolerable anguish

There have always been political and physical upheavals and dangers. The apostles weren’t to be concerned when they heard about them. The end wasn’t yet. When the wars and earthquakes and so forth occur in the Tribulation, they will be much more severe.

1 Then as He went out of the temple, one of His disciples said to Him, “Teacher, see what manner of stones and what buildings are here!”

² And Jesus answered and said to him, “Do you see these great buildings? Not one stone shall be left upon another, that shall not be thrown down.”

Also found in Matthew 24:1-2 and Luke 21:5-7.

Matthew’s account of the afternoon’s events includes a significant statement just prior to their exit from the Temple: “Behold your house is left unto you desolate” (Matthew 23:38 as quoted from Jeremiah 12:7). Thus [the disciples] probably wondered why such beautiful buildings would be abandoned. — KJBC, page 1255.

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The word “buildings” refers to the mass of separate edifices, enclosures, colonnades, halls, sanctuaries, composing the Temple enclosure. Some of the stones were massive, weighing over one hundred tons. — Wuest, page 244.

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thrown down (v.2) — literally, “to loose down.” It speaks of a gradual demolition of the Temple, such as took place when the Romans captured Jerusalem in A.D. 70, and destroyed the Temple. Our Lord’s prediction was fulfilled in exact detail. Only the foundation stones remain of all that magnificence. A double negative appears twice in our Lord’s answer, making an emphatic negation. — Wuest, page 244.

See my post on this occasion from Matthew 24:1-2. It points to a still-future fulfillment and not the destruction of the Temple in A.D. 70.

³⁵ Then Jesus answered and said, while He taught in the temple, “How is it that the scribes say that the Christ is the Son of David?

³⁶ For David himself said by the Holy Spirit: ‘The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand, till I make Your enemies Your footstool.” ’

³⁷ Therefore David himself calls Him ‘Lord’; how is He then his Son?” And the common people heard Him gladly.

³⁸ Then He said to them in His teaching, “Beware of the scribes, who desire to go around in long robes, love greetings in the marketplaces,

³⁹ the best seats in the synagogues, and the best places at feasts,

⁴⁰ who devour widows’ houses, and for a pretense make long prayers. These will receive greater condemnation.”

⁴¹ Now Jesus sat opposite the treasury and saw how the people put money into the treasury. And many who were rich put in much.

⁴² Then one poor widow came and threw in two mites, which make a quadrans.

⁴³ So He called His disciples to Himself and said to them, “Assuredly, I say to you that this poor widow has put in more than all those who have given to the treasury;

⁴⁴ for they all put in out of their abundance, but she out of her poverty put in all that she had, her whole livelihood.”

Also found in Matthew 22:41–23:14 and Luke 20:41-47.

The word “Christ” is the transliteration of the Greek word christos, which means “the Anointed One,” and this Greek word is the translation of the Hebrew word transliterated into English in the word “messiah.” The latter word has a definite connotation, namely, the future King of Israel who will some day reign on the throne of David. The word “son” as used here is a Hebraism speaking of a descendant. The word “Lord” is the translation of the Greek word kurios, which in itself means “master, one who has power over another, and the in the translation in the LXX of the august title of God in the Hebrew Old Testament, Jehovah. It has implication so deity. Both the scribes and the people believed that the Jewish Messiah would come from the royal line of David. David was human, so would the Messiah be human. Thus, He would be David’s son. Our Lord reminds His hearers that David calls the Messiah his Lord (Psalm 110:1). That is, he recognizes Him as Deity, the Jehovah of the Old Testament. The difficulty our Lord puts before His listeners and at the same time tosses into the lap of the Pharisees, is as to how, since Messiah is Jehovah, deity, He can also be human. At once the incarnation is brought before them. One of the charges brought against the Lord Jesus was that He called God His (His private, unique) Father, making Himself equal with God, thus deity (John 5:18). Thus, the Jewish leaders rejected the teaching of the incarnation, and Jesus’ claim to deity. It is well to notice our Lord’s testimony to the divine inspiration of David, also the recognition by David of the two other Persons of the Trinity, the Father saying to the Son, “Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool.” Thus, we have the Trinity mentioned in an Old Testament setting in verse 36. [The Holy Spirit is included based on the fact of inspiration.] — Wuest, page 240.

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long robes (v.38) — The word is stole, and is used in the Old Testament of priestly or royal robes, and in the New Testament, of dress worn on festive or solemn occasions. Our Lord does not condemn the use of a dignified costume, but the use of it for the sake of ostentation display. — Wuest, page 241.

love (v.38) = phileo, fond of, like — They were fond of wearing impressive clothes and being recognized in the marketplace and greeted as rabbis.

best seats (v.39) — benches in the front reserved for officials and VIPs. They faced the congregation.

best places at feasts (v.39) = “first reclining place,” the place for the most-honored guest. The Jews didn’t use tables, but reclined on couches at meals.

These scribes devour widow’s houses (v.40). People often left their whole fortunes to the Temple, and a good part of the money went finally to the scribes and Pharisees. The scribes were employed to make out wills and conveyances of property. They inveigled widows to give their homes to the Temple, and then took the proceeds of the sale for themselves. In order to do this, they offered long prayers in the homes of these widows and for them. Thus, they bent the widows to their will. Our Lord calls these prayers a pretense. They could not be true prayers when offered with such an ulterior purpose. … Men who rob widows, and use prayer as a means of securing opportunities for committing a crime, shall receive a sentence in excess of that which falls to the lot of the dishonest man who makes no pretense to piety; to the sentence of the robber will be added in their case the sentence on the hypocrite. — Wuest, pages 241-242.

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Our Lord’s teaching in the Court of the Gentiles had ceased, and He had passed within the low marble wall which fenced off the inner precinct of the Temple from the Gentiles. He was now in the Court of the Women. Here were thirteen chests placed at intervals around the walls, each marked with the purpose to which the offerings were to be devoted. This colonnade under which these chests were placed, was called The Treasury. — Wuest, page 242.

poor (v.42) — not just poor, but a pauper, poverty-stricken. She had nothing.

mite (v.42) — the smallest coin in circulation, an eighth of a denarius. Two mites would be worth a fourth of a cent.

The widow’s offering was much greater than that of the rich on a percentage basis. She gave 100% of what she had.

The widow cast in more than all the wealthy in the sense that relatively to their respective means, her gift was incomparably the greater. All of which means that it is not how much we give to God, but how much we withhold for ourselves that He is concerned about. The lesson is also brought home to our hearts that in the last analysis, God wants, not what we have, but us, our hearts. — Wuest, page 243.

²⁸ Then one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, perceiving that He had answered them well, asked Him, “Which is the first commandment of all?”

²⁹ Jesus answered him, “The first of all the commandments is: ‘Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one.

³⁰ And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength.’ This is the first commandment.

³¹ And the second, like it, is this: ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’ There is no other commandment greater than these.”

³² So the scribe said to Him, “Well said, Teacher. You have spoken the truth, for there is one God, and there is no other but He.

³³ And to love Him with all the heart, with all the understanding, with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love one’s neighbor as oneself, is more than all the whole burnt offerings and sacrifices.”

³⁴ Now when Jesus saw that he answered wisely, He said to him, “You are not far from the kingdom of God.” But after that no one dared question Him.

Also found in Matthew 22:34-40.

scribe (v.28) — a professional interpreter of the Law

Which is the first commandment? (v.28) — The word “which is poia, “of what sort.” It is a question, not of an individual commandment, but of characteristic quality. The questioner … probably had in view the distinction between ritual and ethical, or positive and moral. The prevalent tendency was to attach special importance to the positive, and to find the greater matters of the law in circumcision, Sabbath-keeping, the rules respecting phylacteries, etc. The opposite tendency, to emphasize the ethical was not unrepresented, especially in the school of Hillel, which taught that the love of neighbor is the kernel of the law. The questioner leant to this side.  The Lord is not asked to select one commandment out of the Ten, but to specify a class of commandments, or a particular commandment as representative of a class, to which priority belongs. — Wuest, page 237.

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The quotation in verses 29 and 30 is from Deuteronomy 6:4-5. It was recited daily by every Jew, and written on the miniature roll which every scribe carried in his phylactery. This was a small case, made of parchment bound to the forehead or arm, in which was placed small pieces of parchment inscribed with scripture portions. … The mention of the heart, soul, mind, and strength speaks of the devotion of the whole being to God. The ancient Hebrews regarded the heart as the organ of the intellect, and the mind, that of the desires and affections. — Wuest, page 238.

love (v.30) — agape

the second commandment (v.31) — from Leviticus 19:18.

well said (v.32) — an exclamation of approval

There is a ring of conviction in the words [of the response of the questioner]. The varied expressions of the law of the love to God also bears witness to sincerity and independent thought. — Wuest, page 239.

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What the Lord observed in reference to the man was the intelligence displayed by his answer. it was shown not only in accepting the Lord’s judgment as to the two primary commandments, but in detecting and admitting the principle on which the judgment rested, namely, the superiority of moral over ritual obligation. Under the old theocracy those far off are either exiled Jews (Isaiah 57:19), or Gentiles (Ephesians 2:13); distance from the new Kingdom is measured neither by miles, nor by ceremonial standards, but by spiritual conditions. The man was to some extent intellectually qualified for admission to the Kingdom; certainly he grasped one of its fundamental principles. It would be interesting to work out a comparison between this scribe and the ruler of Mark 10:17. In both cases something was wanting to convert admiration into discipleship. If wealth was the bar in the one case, pride of intellect may have been fatal in the other. — Wuest, page 239.

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His enemies had been defeated and put to shame, their murderous hate had been denounced, and the nets of their cunning had been rent like cobwebs; they had seen the heart of one of their own order kindled into open admiration, and they henceforth renounced as hopeless the attempt to conquer Jesus in debate. No man after that durst ask Him any questions. He will now carry the war into their own country. It will be for them to answer Jesus. — Chadwick, page 340.

¹⁸ Then some Sadducees, who say there is no resurrection, came to Him; and they asked Him, saying:

¹⁹ “Teacher, Moses wrote to us that if a man’s brother dies, and leaves his wife behind, and leaves no children, his brother should take his wife and raise up offspring for his brother.

²⁰ Now there were seven brothers. The first took a wife; and dying, he left no offspring.

²¹ And the second took her, and he died; nor did he leave any offspring. And the third likewise.

²² So the seven had her and left no offspring. Last of all the woman died also.

²³ Therefore, in the resurrection, when they rise, whose wife will she be? For all seven had her as wife.”

²⁴ Jesus answered and said to them, “Are you not therefore mistaken, because you do not know the Scriptures nor the power of God?

²⁵ For when they rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven.

²⁶ But concerning the dead, that they rise, have you not read in the book of Moses, in the burning bush passage, how God spoke to him, saying, ‘I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’?

²⁷ He is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living. You are therefore greatly mistaken.”

Also found in Matthew 22:23-33 and Luke 20:27-40.

This is Mark’s only reference to the Sadducees, whom he introduces with a word of explanation. They were a priestly aristocracy, less numerous than the Pharisees and less popular Religiously they were the rationalists of the day, although conservative in their attitude to the Scriptures in the sense that they denied the validity of the oral tradition which the Pharisees held to be binding. They took their stand particularly upon the authority of the Pentateuch. They were therefore as obnoxious to the Pharisees on religious grounds as were the Herodians on political grounds. But the Pharisees were willing to work with either for the destruction of Jesus. It may be, however, that the Sadducees now hoped to succeed where their adversaries had failed.

Their question was less dangerous than the previous one, being a matter of exegesis and speculation rather than politics, doctrinal rather than ethical. — Guthrie, page 877.

The Sadducees did not believe in angels, spirits, or the resurrection. It wasn’t that they denied any particular resurrection, but that the possibility of any sort of resurrection from the dead did not exist. And even though their approach was more direct and not filled with fake praise, they were testing Jesus. They weren’t seeking knowledge.

Like the rationalist of every age, [the Sadducees] stood coldly aloof from popular movements, and we seldom find them interfering with Christ or His followers until their energies were roused by the preaching of His Resurrection, so directly opposed to their fundamental doctrines.

Their appearance now is extremely natural. The repulse of every other party left them the only champions of orthodoxy against the new movement, with everything to win by success, and little to lose by failure. There is a tone of quiet and confident irony in their interrogation, well befitting an upper-class group, a secluded party of refined critics, rather than practical teachers with a mission to their fellow-men. They break utterly new ground by raising an abstract and subtle question, a purely intellectual problem, but one which reduced the doctrine of a resurrection to an absurdity, if only their premise can be made good. … [The Lord’s answer] lays great and special stress upon the authority of Scripture, in this encounter with the party which least acknowledged it. — Chadwick, page 331.

Moses wrote (v.19) — Deuteronomy 25:5

The literal Greek [of v.24] is, “Because of this do you not err, not knowing the scriptures an the power of God?” The Greek negative ou when used with a question, expects an affirmative answer. This form of question is stronger than a formal direct statement would be. The words “because of this” point ahead to the cause of their ignorance which was two-fold, both inexcusable in members of the priesthood, which most of these men probably were, ignorance of the Old Testament and ignorance of the power of God. The Sadducees (and the Pharisees also, so far as they connected marriage and the propagation of the race with the future life). showed themselves incapable of conceiving a power which could produce an entirely different order from any within their experience. They assumed either that God could not raise the dead, or that He could raise them only to a life which would be a counterpart of the present, or even more replete with material pleasure. — Wuest, pages 235-236.

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like angels (v.25) — Angels were originally created. There are the same number of angels in existence today as when they were created. They do not propagate their kind. Human beings in the next life will not be angels, but human beings. They will be like angels in this respect, that they will not propagate their kind. Thus the hypothetical case of the Sadducees has no relation to the future life. — Wuest, page 236.

The quote in v.26 is from Exodus 3:6.

[Jesus’] argument … is based upon the immutability of God, and, therefore, the imperishability of all that ever entered into vital and real relationship with Him. To cancel such a relationship would introduce a change into the Eternal. And Moses, to whom they appealed, had heard God expressly proclaim Himself the God of those who had long since passed out of time. It was, therefore, clear that His relationship with them lived on, and this guaranteed that no portion, even the humblest, of their true personality should perish. Now the body is as real a part of humanity, as the soul and spirit are, although a much lowlier part. And, therefor, it must not really die. — Chadwick, pages 335-336.

¹³ Then they sent to Him some of the Pharisees and the Herodians, to catch Him in His words.

¹⁴ When they had come, they said to Him, “Teacher, we know that You are true, and care about no one; for You do not regard the person of men, but teach the way of God in truth. Is it lawful to pay taxes to Caesar, or not

¹⁵ Shall we pay, or shall we not pay?” But He, knowing their hypocrisy, said to them, “Why do you test Me? Bring Me a denarius that I may see it.”

¹⁶ So they brought it. And He said to them, “Whose image and inscription is this?” They said to Him, “Caesar’s.”

¹⁷ And Jesus answered and said to them, “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.” And they marveled at Him.

Also found in Matthew 22:15-22 and Luke 20:20-26.

For the Pharisees and Herodians to unite in a common cause was quite unusual. The Pharisees were strongly resentful of the Roman occupation of Palestine—particularly of Judea where the poll-tax was required (Matthew 22:17; Mark 12:14). In contrast, the Herodians strongly supported the Roman presence in the land, because this was the source of power by which the Herod family ruled. In whatever way Jesus answered their question, they assumed He must violate the tenets of one of the two groups. He would be proven guilty in the eyes of either the people (Luke 20:26) if He disagreed with the Pharisees, or the governor (Luke 20:20) if He disagreed with the Herodians. — Thomas, page 187.

catch (v.13) = to hunt and catch like a wild animal. Matthew used the word for “entangle”— “to snare or trap” birds.

The preamble is skillfully arranged with the view of disarming suspicion, and at the same time preventing escape. So independent and fearless a teacher of truth could not from fear of consequences either refuse an answer to honest and perplexed inquiries, or conceal His real opinion. — Wuest, page 231.

know (v.14) = positive knowledge, absolutely conviction

true (v.14) — true in the sense that He could  not lie

lawful (v.14) — permissible, allowed, permitted (not really a question regarding civil or criminal law)

The Jews were not discussing the legality of paying poll tax to Caesar, but whether a Jew should do so in view of his theocratic relationship to God. They pressed for an answer, yes or no, as if there were no other possible answer. They hoped, in view of His Jewish background and teaching, that He would say no. That would involve Him at once with the Roman authorities. Such a reply, considering the present mood of the crowd, might put Him at the head of a rebellion (Acts 5:37) or at least would have made Him liable to a charge of treason (Luke 23:2). Had He given an affirmative answer, He would have incurred the displeasure of the Jewish crowds. — Wuest, page 232.

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taxes to Caesar (v.14) — the poll tax which the Jews paid to the Emperor. This payment was objectionable to them for two reasons, first, because it was a sign of subjection to foreign power, and second, because the coin with which it was to be paid, the denarius, bore the Emperor’s effigy stamped upon it. And this Emperor, it was Roman law to worship as a god. — Wuest, page 232.

knowing their hypocrisy (v.15) — Matthew 22:18 has “perceived their wickedness.” Luke 20;23 has “perceived their craftiness.”

Malice lay at the root of their conduct, unscrupulous cunning supplied them with means of seeking their end, whilst they sought to screen themselves under the pretense of a desire and admiration of fearless truthfulness. The Lord detected their true character intuitively. he knew it by experience, and He perceived it by tokens which did not escape His observation. — Wuest, page 233.

inscription (v.16) — the writing on the coin

The whole principle laid down turns on the change of working from pay (v.15) to render (v.17). For it was not a question of giving what might lawfully be refused but of paying what was lawfully claimed. The tribute was not a gift but a debt. Caesar gave them the inestimable benefit of stable government; were they to take it and decline to pay anything towards its maintenance? Duty to God and duty to the state are not incompatible; we owe a debt to both. The Pharisees admitted their debt to Caesar by using his coinage; this was why Jesus asked for the coin. If they could produce it, they had the answer to their own question. This answer … acquits [Christians] from the charge of disloyalty to the state. [See also Romans 13:1-7.] — Guthrie, pages 876-877.

The Jewish leaders had used the word for “to give.” The Lord replied with the word for paying a debt. There is no conflict between duties to God and duties to the state.

marveled (v.17) — tense indicates continuous action. His reply gave them no further room to maneuver.

1 Then He began to speak to them in parables: “A man planted a vineyard and set a hedge around it, dug a place for the wine vat and built a tower. And he leased it to vinedressers and went into a far country.

² Now at vintage-time he sent a servant to the vinedressers, that he might receive some of the fruit of the vineyard from the vinedressers.

³ And they took him and beat him and sent him away empty-handed.

⁴ Again he sent them another servant, and at him they threw stones, wounded him in the head, and sent him away shamefully treated.

⁵ And again he sent another, and him they killed; and many others, beating some and killing some.

⁶ Therefore still having one son, his beloved, he also sent him to them last, saying, ‘They will respect my son.’

⁷ But those vinedressers said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him, and the inheritance will be ours.’

⁸ So they took him and killed him and cast him out of the vineyard.

⁹ “Therefore what will the owner of the vineyard do? He will come and destroy the vinedressers, and give the vineyard to others.

¹⁰ Have you not even read this Scripture: ‘The stone which the builders rejected has become the chief cornerstone.

¹¹ This was the Lord’s doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes’?”

¹² And they sought to lay hands on Him, but feared the multitude, for they knew He had spoken the parable against them. So they left Him and went away.

Also found in Matthew 21:33-46 and Luke 20:9-19.

The chapter division here is unfortunate, since the parable arises out of the challenge of the chief priests. Its scope is remarkably comprehensive, covering the centuries of Israel’s past history, depicting the present situation of conflict, and pointing to its future issues. As a national symbol of Israel, the vineyard was familiar from the Old Testament (e.g. Isaiah 5:1-7) and would quickly be so understood. The hedge to give protection from wild animals, the pit for the wine press, a vessel or trough to gather the juice of the pressed grapes, and the tower, a wooden booth on a high platform for a watchman (all of them words represented in the LXX of Isaiah 5), are all necessary elements in the story exhibiting collectively the care bestowed by the landlord. — Guthrie, page 876.

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Our Lord was accusing the spiritual leaders of Israel of being the future murderers of the Messiah, and this in the presence of the crowd. His purpose was to expose the true character of the hostility of the Sanhedrin. The vineyard was a recognized symbol of Israel itself as the covenant people, and both the members of the Sanhedrin and the better-taught among the crowd, could not but understand the symbolism. The wine vat referred to the receptacle into which the wine ran after it had been pressed out of the grapes. The man who planted the vineyard is God, the vinedressers, the spiritual leaders of Israel. The hedge speaks of God’s protecting care over Israel and His blessings upon the Chosen People. — Wuest, page 228.

receive some of the fruit (v.2) — The payment of the lease was to be with wine.

servant (v.2) = bondslave

The servants sent by the vineyard owner are the Old Testament prophets sent to Israel.

They threw stones (v.4) — not in the best manuscripts, but the abuse heaped upon the second servant in the rest of the verse is.

The Greek text [of v.5] reads, “Yet he had one,” that is, one person to send, after all his bondslaves were either maltreated or killed. He reasons that the vineyard men would not dare to harm his son. … But to the owner any other result was inconceivable, and the parable sets forth the improbability from the human point of view, of such an issue as the incarnation actually had. All of which means that mankind does not have any proper conception of the utter and complete depravity of the fallen race, nor to what lengths it will go to hold on to its sin. In using the words “beloved son,” our Lord may have had in mind, the words of the Father at His baptism, “This is My Son, the beloved One, in whom I am well pleased” (Matthew 3:17). — Wuest, page 229.

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They really knew who [the Son, Jesus] was. They felt, at the very least, that into His hands should pass all the authority and power they had so long monopolized; “This is the Heir; come let us kill Him and the inheritance shall be ours.” — Chadwick, page 322.

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The “casting out” [v.8] speaks of the act of Israel’s leaders excommunicating our Lord. He was treated as excommunicate when He was condemned as a blasphemer and handed over to the Romans for punishment. Our Lord’s crucifixion outside of the walls of Jerusalem symbolized this expulsion from the community of Israel. — Wuest, page 230.

give the vineyard to others (v.9) — Of course, my commentaries all say that the “others” here are the Church, the Body of Christ. But that can’t be right because Paul clearly says that the Church was a mystery (Colossians 1:24-27) which God didn’t reveal until He revealed it to Paul. Therefore, Jesus did not refer to it in His ministry. So, the “others” can only be the “little flock” of Luke 12:32 — the kingdom saints, or Jews trusted Christ as the Messiah. See my notes on the Matthew passage.

The quotation [vs.10-11] is from Psalm 118:22-23. It is quoted again in Acts 4:11, and 1 Peter 2:4, 7. The stone is the Messiah, the builders, the spiritual leaders of Israel. The word “rejected” is apokokimazo. The simple verb means “to put to the test for the purpose of approving.” The prefixed preposition means “off, away from.” This tells us the story of Messiah’s rejection by Israel. Israel was looking for its Messiah. Jesus of Nazareth claimed to be Messiah. The leaders of Israel investigated His claims, found them to be true, substantiated by the miracles He performed (John 3:2), yet with all this evidence, rejected Him as Messiah because He did not meet their specifications. They were looking for a Messiah who would deliver Israel from the despotism of Rome, not from the dominion of sin. But this Messiah will some day become the King of Kings and Lord of Lords over the earth as the Head of the Millennial empire. — Wuest, page 230.

This was the second time (Mark 11:18) that the leaders wanted to arrest Jesus in the Temple but their fear of the people prevented them.

²⁷ Then they came again to Jerusalem. And as He was walking in the temple, the chief priests, the scribes, and the elders came to Him.

²⁸ And they said to Him, “By what authority are You doing these things? And who gave You this authority to do these things?”

²⁹ But Jesus answered and said to them, “I also will ask you one question; then answer Me, and I will tell you by what authority I do these things:

³⁰ The baptism of John—was it from heaven or from men? Answer Me.”

³¹ And they reasoned among themselves, saying, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ He will say, ‘Why then did you not believe him?’

³² But if we say, ‘From men’ ”—they feared the people, for all counted John to have been a prophet indeed.

³³ So they answered and said to Jesus, “We do not know.” And Jesus answered and said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things.”

Also found in Matthew 21:23-27 and Luke 20:1-8.

Representatives of three orders approached Him, the chief priests, the scribes, and the elders. The definite article is used in each case, which fact indicates that those who came, represented their own group. This united action was probably agreed upon during the night. Their questions were in themselves reasonable ones from their point of view. They were the custodians of the Temple. Our Lord, by forcibly ejecting those who were engaged in business in the Temple, was claiming a superior jurisdiction. — Wuest, pages 225-226.

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They sought to trap Him fatally. For Him to claim divine authority would, so they thought, amount to blasphemy; to claim authority as Son of David would be treason against Rome; to disclaim all authority would prove Him an imposter. — Guthrie, page 876.

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Our Lord … says that He has one question to ask them. The one question is not contrasted to the two questions asked Him, but points to the simplicity of the issue. The answer to our Lord’s one question should clear the air. He refers to John the Baptist. The latter had testified to the divine source of His mission. The question of the Sanhedrin resolved itself into a question as to the source of the Baptist’s teaching. In demanding an answer from them, our Lord was claiming an answer as from authorized teachers who were acquainted with the facts. — Wuest, page 226.

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John the Baptist had borne testimony to Jesus as the Messiah. If they acknowledged him to be a prophet with divine authority, the answer to their question was plain, and they would see that the authority of Jesus was derived from the same source. The ministry of John was one of high public importance upon which men in their position should be competent to pronounce. When therefore they pleaded ignorance on a matter of such magnitude they virtually abdicated from their office as teachers of the nation, and had no further right to question the authority of Jesus. Our Lord, therefore, did not reply to their question directly. Instead, He provided the complete answer in the parable that follows [Mark 12:1-9]. — Guthrie, page 876.

The leaders would not answer according to their own convictions. Their only consideration was how their answer would be received.